Correction to: Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8.].

Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health emergency that could potentially have a serious impact on public health. Fear has been one of the most frequent psychological reaction in the population during the current pandemic. The aim of this study was to compare fear of COVID-19 between genders and to examine whether the differences between genders may be predictors of fear of COVID-19 scores. A cross-sectional web-based survey design was adopted. The sample comprised 772 Cuban participants. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale was used to explore fear reactions in the sample. An independent-samples t test was conducted to compare the fear of COVID-19 scores between genders, and multinomial logistic regression was modeling to identify variables independently associated with fear of coronavirus. In our sample, on average, female participants experienced significantly greater fear of COVID-19 than men. The gender of participants significantly predicted the level of fear of COVID-19. Being female was a predictor of medium and high levels of fear of COVID-19. The odds of a female with middle fear levels compared to low fear was 3.13 times more than for a male, and the odds of a female with high fear levels compared to low fear was 3.45 times more than for a male. Our results corroborate international research that indicate a greater psychological vulnerability in women during the COVID-19 pandemic. This result points to the need to design interventions that reduce the negative impact of the current outbreak on women's mental health.

Overeaters Anonymous: An Overlooked Intervention for Binge Eating Disorder.

The purpose of this communication is to provide an overview as well as the strengths and weaknesses of Overeaters Anonymous (OA) as an intervention for binge eating disorder treatment. Binge eating disorder is associated with low remission rates, high relapse rates, treatment dissatisfaction, and high rates of failure to receive treatment attributed to stigma, misconceptions, lack of diagnosis, access to care, and inadequate insurance coverage. New interventions are needed that can overcome these barriers. OA is a twelve-step program and established fellowship for individuals who self-identify as having problematic relationships with food or eating. OA can be referred clinically or sought out by an individual confidentially, without a diagnosis, and free of charge. OA's Nine Tools, Twelve Steps, and Twelve Traditions can provide structure, social support, and open, anonymous sharing that fosters a sense of connection and belonging. This may provide benefit to individuals who value structure and social support in their recovery. The tradition of anonymity may also create some challenges for conducting research and may explain the shortage of empirical support. This commentary reviews existing research findings on the effectiveness of twelve-step interventions and OA. Common misunderstandings about and within OA are also addressed and OA's limitations are discussed. Overall, OA provides a promising option for binge eating disorder treatment that warrants clinical research on its feasibility and efficacy in a way that respects and protects its tradition of anonymity.

Predictors of positive opinion about Bach Flower Remedies in adults from three Latin-American countries: An exploratory study.

The current study aimed to determine if positive opinions about BFR interacts with spirituality in adults from three Latin-American countries using a CHAID algorithm. Participants were 703 adults from Cuba (n = 319), Costa Rica (n = 252) and Chile (n = 132). PREDICTORS: demographic data, received information, received treatment, spirituality, dispositional optimism and willingness to use a placebo intervention were measured and analyzed. A supervised classification which included a training phase (n = 423) and a test phase (n = 280) was employed. Received information about BFR, spirituality and education were selected as significant predictors of the positive opinion about BFR (>90% of correct classifications).

Exploring the Effectiveness of External Use of Bach Flower Remedies on Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: A randomized, pilot, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of a cream based on Bach flower remedies (BFR) on symptoms and signs of carpal tunnel syndrome. METHODS: Forty-three patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome during their "waiting" time for surgical option were randomized into 3 parallel groups: Placebo (n = 14), blinded BFR (n = 16), and nonblinded BFR (n = 13). These groups were treated during 21 days with topical placebo or a cream based on BFR. RESULTS: Significant improvements were observed on self-reported symptom severity and pain intensity favorable to BFR groups with large effect sizes (η2partial > 0.40). In addition, all signs observed during the clinical exam showed significant improvements among the groups as well as symptoms of pain, night pain, and tingling, also with large effect sizes (φ > 0.5). Finally, there were significant differences between the blinded and nonblinded BFR groups for signs and pain registered in clinical exam but not in self-reports. CONCLUSION: The proposed BFR cream could be an effective intervention in the management of mild and moderate carpal tunnel syndrome, reducing the severity symptoms and providing pain relief.

Eating Behaviors in Cuban Adults: Results from an Exploratory Transcultural Study.

This study aims to investigate eating behaviors in Cuban adults and compare them with those of a developed Western country, Italy. The study also aimed to determine the overall accuracy of a predictive model intended to define variables which could be used to discriminate between nationalities. Participants were 283 normal weight individuals from Cuba (n = 158) and Italy (n = 125). Italians had higher scores for restrained eating on the questionnaire than Cubans with a considerable effect size. This trend was also found for emotional eating and binge eating, as well as number of current dieters, despite the fact that effect sizes were small. On the other hand, Cubans, when compared to Italians reported higher scores for food thought suppression with reward responsiveness and restrained eating emerging as significant predictors of between-country differences. To conclude, eating behaviors in Cubans could be different from those reported in European countries, perhaps as a consequence of Cuba's recent history.

Intervenciones Placebo Para Incrementar el Rendimiento Deportivo: un Tema Revisitado / Placebo Interventions to Enhance Sports Performance: Revisiting an Issue / Intervenções Placebo para Aumentar o Rendimento Esportivo: um Tema Revisitado

Las intervenciones psicológicas para incrementar el rendimiento de los deportistas han ganado gran popularidad. En este artículo se realizó una revisión de la utilización de intervenciones placebo para potenciar el rendimiento deportivo, a partir de la cual se concluyó que el contexto de aplicación, los rasgos de personalidad del deportista y el ritual de intervención han sido propuestos como los factores más relevantes a tomar en consideración. Se estima que, a pesar de las limitaciones, las intervenciones placebo constituyen alternativas eficaces que tienen distintos modos de aplicación. La utilización de vías conscientes y no-conscientes para activar el efecto placebo se materializa en el empleo de las potencialidades que brindan tanto la sugestión verbal como el priming.

Psychological interventions aimed at enhancing the performance of athletes have become increasingly popular. This article reviews the use of placebo interventions to enhance sports performance and finds that the context of application, the athlete's personality traits, and the intervention ritual are usually the most relevant factors to consider. The article proposes that, despite their limitations, placebo interventions are effective alternatives that can be applied in different ways. The use of both conscious and unconscious means to activate the placebo effect takes the form of verbal suggestion and priming.

As intervenções psicológicas para aumentar o rendimento dos esportistas têm ganhado grande popularidade. Neste artigo, realizou-se uma revisão da utilização de intervenções placebo para potencializar o rendimento esportivo, a partir da qual se concluiu que o contexto de aplicação, os traços de personalidade do esportista e o ritual de intervenção foram propostos como fatores mais relevantes a considerar. Estima-se que, apesar das limitações, as intervenções placebo constituem alternativas eficazes que têm diferentes modos de aplicação. A utilização de vias conscientes e não conscientes para ativar o efeito placebo se materializa no emprego das potencialidades que oferecem tanto a sugestão verbal quanto o priming.

Exploring the "weight" of food cravings and thought suppression among Cuban adults.

PURPOSE: The current study aimed to analyze individual differences on food cravings, intrusive-related thoughts and its suppression between normal weight and overweight/obese Cuban adults. METHODS: Participants were 1,184 individuals from general population, aged between 18 and 64 years (M = 32.89; SD = 12.87), with 69.1 % females. All participants answered a set of questionnaires and provided demographic, anthropometric and clinical data. RESULTS: Overweight/obese individuals had higher mean scores than normal weight individuals on food cravings (including its nine dimensions) and food and body weight/shape thought suppression. Large effect sizes were found for body weight/shape thoughts suppression and lack of control over eating, where overweight and obese individuals showed the highest scores. This trend was also found for food thoughts suppression, food cravings trait, cue-dependent eating, preoccupation with food and guilty feelings, with effect sizes from medium to large. Finally, medium effect sizes were observed for intention to eat and negative affect. CONCLUSION: Overweight/obese individuals experienced more food cravings and food and body weight/shape thought suppression than normal weight individuals among Cuban adults.

Exploring the factor structure of the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait in Cuban adults.

Food cravings refer to an intense desire to eat specific foods. The Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait (FCQ-T) is the most commonly used instrument to assess food cravings as a multidimensional construct. Its 39 items have an underlying nine-factor structure for both the original English and Spanish version; but subsequent studies yielded fewer factors. As a result, a 15-item version of the FCQ-T with one-factor structure has been proposed (FCQ-T-reduced; see this Research Topic). The current study aimed to explore the factor structure of the Spanish version for both the FCQ-T and FCQ-T-reduced in a sample of 1241 Cuban adults. Results showed a four-factor structure for the FCQ-T, which explained 55% of the variance. Factors were highly correlated. Using the items of the FCQ-T-reduced only showed a one-factor structure, which explained 52% of the variance. Both versions of the FCQ-T were positively correlated with body mass index (BMI), scores on the Food Thoughts Suppression Inventory and weight cycling. In addition, women had higher scores than men and restrained eaters had higher scores than unrestrained eaters. To summarize, results showed that (1) the FCQ-T factor structure was significantly reduced in Cuban adults and (2) the FCQ-T-reduced may represent a good alternative to efficiently assess food craving on a trait level.

Placebo: la ®mancha¼ más brillante de la Medicina / Placebo: the brightest ®spot¼ in medicine

Introducción: quizás ningún otro término haya sido tan indebidamente utilizado y causado tanta confusión como ®placebo¼. Sus efectos han potenciado los tratamientos médicos en la historia sin el debido reconocimiento. Entendido como eventos atribuibles al significado que adquiere una intervención dentro de un contexto terapéutico dado, se redimensiona y aleja de las definiciones tautológicas dominantes. Objetivo: analizar los retos que esta postura teórica plantea, así como sus potencialidades para la investigación y la práctica clínica. Métodos: Se analizan las limitaciones de su uso en Ensayos Clínicos Aleatorizados, entre las que se destaca la paradoja de la eficacia. Se contrasta la evidencia sobre su efectividad, generada en distintos contextos. Se describen los placebos disponibles en la práctica clínica y situaciones de uso; así como las opiniones de médicos y pacientes. Se introduce su efecto desde la dimensión biopsicosocial, dentro de la Medicina del Estilo de Vida. Se esbozan razones que impiden a las medicinas alternativas ®ser mejor que un placebo¼. Por último, se identifica y ejemplifica su espacio dentro la práctica clínica. Conclusiones: el efecto del placebo debe ser comprendido como un efecto del contexto, estructurado sobre la base del significado individual asignado a la intervención dentro de una cultura e historia específicas, que resulta significativo sobre numerosas enfermedades, mediante la activación y modificación variables psicológicas y fisiológicas. Concebido como Ambiente Curativo Óptimo, adquiere el ®principio activo¼ necesario para actuar por sí mismo (cuando la alternativa es no hacer nada), o potenciando el efecto de los tratamientos convencionales(AU)

Introduction: no term has probably been as misused and has caused so much confusion as the term `placebo'. Its effects have strengthened medical treatments throughout history without receiving due recognition. Understood as events attributable to the significance acquired by an intervention in a given therapeutic context, it takes on a new dimension, detaching from the prevailing tautological definitions. Objective: analyze the challenges posed by this theoretical stand, as well as its potential for research and clinical practice. Method: an analysis is conducted of the limitations of its use in randomized clinical trials, among them the efficacyparadox. A contrast is made of evidence of its effectiveness generated in various contexts. A description is provided of placebos available in clinical practice and situations of use, as well as doctors' and patients' opinions. Its effect is presented from a biopsychosocial perspective, within the framework of Lifestyle Medicine. An outline is provided of the factors preventing alternative medicines from being ®better than a placebo¼. Finally, its place in clinical practice is identified and exemplified. Conclusions: the placebo effect should be understood as an effect from the context, structured on the basis of the individual significance assigned to the intervention by a specific culture and historical development, which is significant for a large number of diseases, through the activation and modification of psychological and physiological variables. Conceived of as an Optimal Healing Environment, it acquires the ®active principle¼ required to act by itself (when the alternative is doing nothing), or strengthen the effect of conventional treatments(AU)

Placebo: la ®mancha» más brillante de la Medicina / Placebo: the brightest ®spot» in medicine

Introducción: quizás ningún otro término haya sido tan indebidamente utilizado y causado tanta confusión como ®placebo». Sus efectos han potenciado los tratamientos médicos en la historia sin el debido reconocimiento. Entendido como eventos atribuibles al significado que adquiere una intervención dentro de un contexto terapéutico dado, se redimensiona y aleja de las definiciones tautológicas dominantes. Objetivo: analizar los retos que esta postura teórica plantea, así como sus potencialidades para la investigación y la práctica clínica. Métodos: Se analizan las limitaciones de su uso en Ensayos Clínicos Aleatorizados, entre las que se destaca la paradoja de la eficacia. Se contrasta la evidencia sobre su efectividad, generada en distintos contextos. Se describen los placebos disponibles en la práctica clínica y situaciones de uso; así como las opiniones de médicos y pacientes. Se introduce su efecto desde la dimensión biopsicosocial, dentro de la Medicina del Estilo de Vida. Se esbozan razones que impiden a las medicinas alternativas ®ser mejor que un placebo». Por último, se identifica y ejemplifica su espacio dentro la práctica clínica. Conclusiones: el efecto del placebo debe ser comprendido como un efecto del contexto, estructurado sobre la base del significado individual asignado a la intervención dentro de una cultura e historia específicas, que resulta significativo sobre numerosas enfermedades, mediante la activación y modificación variables psicológicas y fisiológicas. Concebido como Ambiente Curativo Óptimo, adquiere el ®principio activo» necesario para actuar por sí mismo (cuando la alternativa es no hacer nada), o potenciando el efecto de los tratamientos convencionales

Introduction: no term has probably been as misused and has caused so much confusion as the term `placebo'. Its effects have strengthened medical treatments throughout history without receiving due recognition. Understood as events attributable to the significance acquired by an intervention in a given therapeutic context, it takes on a new dimension, detaching from the prevailing tautological definitions. Objective: analyze the challenges posed by this theoretical stand, as well as its potential for research and clinical practice. Method: an analysis is conducted of the limitations of its use in randomized clinical trials, among them the efficacyparadox. A contrast is made of evidence of its effectiveness generated in various contexts. A description is provided of placebos available in clinical practice and situations of use, as well as doctors' and patients' opinions. Its effect is presented from a biopsychosocial perspective, within the framework of Lifestyle Medicine. An outline is provided of the factors preventing alternative medicines from being ®better than a placebo». Finally, its place in clinical practice is identified and exemplified. Conclusions: the placebo effect should be understood as an effect from the context, structured on the basis of the individual significance assigned to the intervention by a specific culture and historical development, which is significant for a large number of diseases, through the activation and modification of psychological and physiological variables. Conceived of as an Optimal Healing Environment, it acquires the ®active principle» required to act by itself (when the alternative is doing nothing), or strengthen the effect of conventional treatments

Bibliotherapy and food cravings control.

The use of self-help manuals or bibliotherapy could be an effective resource to treat obesity, but their effects on the elaborative processes of food cravings remain unclear. The present study examined whether bibliotherapy can effectively reduce food cravings in an overweight and obese adult population. 80 participants were randomly allocated either to the Self-help Manual group or the Intention-control group. They had to apply each resource over a period of 3 months whenever they felt a craving arise. During the baseline period most of the participants reported grazing as the main cause of their weight gain. Compared to baseline, the results of the third month of the follow-up revealed that intentions had paradoxical effects on food thought suppression, preoccupation with food, negative affect and guilty feelings; but the Self-help Manual promoted positive changes on the food cravings trait and its dimensions, food thoughts suppression, emotional and behavioural reactions to intrusions and BMI. These findings suggest that the Self-help Manual could be useful in reducing food cravings.

Effectiveness of association splitting in reducing unwanted intrusive thoughts in a nonclinical sample.

BACKGROUND: Association Splitting (AS) is a novel cognitive technique, which has shown some promise for the reduction of obsessive thoughts in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Its effect on unwanted intrusive thoughts (UITs) in the general population is yet unknown. METHOD: Our experimental study tested the effect of AS in 49 participants who reported UITs as a regular problem. Participants were randomly allocated either to an AS versus waitlist control (WL) condition. The White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) was used for measuring changes over time. RESULTS: Significant group differences were found across time. Relative to WL, AS exerted a positive effect on the reduction of UITs yielding a large effect size. According to self-report AS exerted a positive effect 6 days after the participants had initiated the exercises. All subjects in the AS condition judged the technique as effective. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that AS could be a suitable intervention to help people with a potential vulnerability to a clinical problem to control their UITs.

Validación concurrente del Autorreporte vivencial / Concurrent validation of Experience Self-report

La investigación se dirigió a la validación concurrente del Autorreporte vivencial en una muestra de sujetos supuestamente sanos. Fue realizada en el período comprendido entre septiembre de 2010 y junio de 2011. Se asumió un paradigma cuantitativo y se realizó un estudio correlacional. La muestra de trabajo fue no probabilística intencional, incluyó a 138 sujetos dentro del rango de edades estudiadas (18-60 años). Fueron utilizadas un grupo de técnicas: Autorreporte vivencial, Inventario de Situaciones y Respuestas de Ansiedad (ISRA-B), Inventario de Depresión de Beck y el Inventario de expresión de la ira estado-rasgo (STAXI-2). Se establecieron asociaciones significativas entre los diferentes factores del Autorreporte vivencial e instrumentos previamente validados, relacionadas con dichos factores. Las pruebas psicológicas aplicadas explicaron la mayor parte de la varianza de los diferentes factores del Autorreporte vivencial. Se evidenciaron asociaciones entre la tendencia general al registro de vivencias negativas y estas pruebas psicológicas(AU)

Esencias florales de Bach: efecto del White Chestnut sobre los pensamientos intrusos indeseados / Bach flower remedies: effect of white chestnut on unwanted intrusive thoughts

El objetivo de este estudio experimental, controlado a doble ciegas, fue evaluar el efecto del White Chestnut sobre los pensamientos intrusos indeseados en una muestra de adultos supuestamente sanos que reportaron presentarlos de forma regular. La muestra quedó conformada por 70 participantes (47 mujeres y 23 hombres), con un rango de edad de 20-60 (36,42 ± 10,52) años, asignados aleatoriamente a 2 grupos: White Chestnut y placebo (n1= n2= 35). Para la evaluación de los cambios se utilizó el White Bear Suppression Inventory. Se observaron diferencias significativas intergrupos para la calificación global de la prueba [t (68)= -2,16, p< 0,05 y d= 0,51], con un predominio del factor que mide los pensamientos intrusos [t (68)= -2,84, p< 0,01 y d= 0,67]. Los resultados sugieren que el White Chestnut puede ser un efectivo recurso para la reducción de los pensamientos intrusos indeseados y que su acción es diferenciable del placebo(AU)

A controlled double-blind experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of white chestnut on unwanted intrusive thoughts in a sample of seemingly healthy adults who reported having these thoughts regularly. The sample was composed of 70 participants (47 women and 23 men) aged 20-60 (36.42 ±10.52), randomly assigned to one of two groups: white chestnut and placebo (n1=n2=35). The White Bear Suppression Inventory was used for change evaluation. Significant differences were found between the two groups in the global test score [t (68)= -2.16, p<0.05 and d= 0.51], with a predominance of the factor measuring intrusive thoughts [t (68)= -2.84, p< 0.01 and d= 0.67]. Results suggest that white chestnut may be an effective resource for reducing unwanted intrusive thoughts, its effect being clearly distinguishable from that of the placebo(AU)

Placebo vs. esencias florales de Bach: una discusión en desarrollo / Placebo vs. Bach flower remedies: an ongoing discussion

La revista que usted dirige publicó en el año 2009 el artículo Ausencia de efectos de la terapia floral aplicada a adultos jóvenes con el fin de mejorar su memoria, del doctor Jorge A. Bergado Rosado y otros. En dicho artículo se pretende brindar evidencia sobre el efecto de las esencias florales (EF) valiéndose de su comparación contra placebo a través de la estimulación de la memoria de estudiantes de bioquímica en un período de 10 días.Los resultados están pautados desde el propio título que revela su intencionalidad. Contrariamente a lo que pudiera pensarse, la evidencia que sustenta la opinión de que las EF son placebo es bien escasa y viceversa. En la última revisión crítica,1 solo pueden referenciarse 7 ensayos clínicos a doble ciegas placebo, realizados desde 1995 hasta la fecha citada, de los cuales 6 evalúan el efecto del rescue remedy (RR) en contextos específicos y la mitad lo utilizan para tratar la ansiedad ante situaciones de examen en estudiantes.En realidad, ese no es el objetivo del RR, ni tampoco lo es para los casos de estrés experimental o del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Para estos existen esencias más específicas que fueron desestimadas o fórmulas comercializadas como la fórmula de examen. ¿Por qué si se va a evaluar la ansiedad ante situaciones de examen se prefiere el RR antes que esta fórmula? Aun así, en el estudio de Halberstein y otros,2 se encontraron claras diferencias con el placebo y un tamaño de efecto de mediano a grande [F (1, 119)=4,98, p<,05 y η2parcial=0,12], en aquellos participantes que reportaron niveles elevados de ansiedad situacional (17 con RR y 22 con placebo). En este sentido, se confirmó la hipótesis de que este compuesto fue efectivo para aquellas personas para cuales el examen constituía una verdadera situación de emergencia...

Esencias florales de Bach: efecto del White Chestnut sobre los pensamientos intrusos indeseados / Bach flower remedies: effect of white chestnut on unwanted intrusive thoughts

El objetivo de este estudio experimental, controlado a doble ciegas, fue evaluar el efecto del White Chestnut sobre los pensamientos intrusos indeseados en una muestra de adultos supuestamente sanos que reportaron presentarlos de forma regular. La muestra quedó conformada por 70 participantes (47 mujeres y 23 hombres), con un rango de edad de 20-60 (36,42 ± 10,52) años, asignados aleatoriamente a 2 grupos: White Chestnut y placebo (n1= n2= 35). Para la evaluación de los cambios se utilizó el White Bear Suppression Inventory. Se observaron diferencias significativas intergrupos para la calificación global de la prueba [t (68)= -2,16, p< 0,05 y d= 0,51], con un predominio del factor que mide los pensamientos intrusos [t (68)= -2,84, p< 0,01 y d= 0,67]. Los resultados sugieren que el White Chestnut puede ser un efectivo recurso para la reducción de los pensamientos intrusos indeseados y que su acción es diferenciable del placebo

A controlled double-blind experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of white chestnut on unwanted intrusive thoughts in a sample of seemingly healthy adults who reported having these thoughts regularly. The sample was composed of 70 participants (47 women and 23 men) aged 20-60 (36.42 ±10.52), randomly assigned to one of two groups: white chestnut and placebo (n1=n2=35). The White Bear Suppression Inventory was used for change evaluation. Significant differences were found between the two groups in the global test score [t (68)= -2.16, p<0.05 and d= 0.51], with a predominance of the factor measuring intrusive thoughts [t (68)= -2.84, p< 0.01 and d= 0.67]. Results suggest that white chestnut may be an effective resource for reducing unwanted intrusive thoughts, its effect being clearly distinguishable from that of the placebo

Placebo vs. esencias florales de Bach: una discusión en desarrollo / Placebo vs. Bach flower remedies: an ongoing discussion

La revista que usted dirige publicó en el año 2009 el artículo Ausencia de efectos de la terapia floral aplicada a adultos jóvenes con el fin de mejorar su memoria, del doctor Jorge A. Bergado Rosado y otros. En dicho artículo se pretende brindar evidencia sobre el efecto de las esencias florales (EF) valiéndose de su comparación contra placebo a través de la estimulación de la memoria de estudiantes de bioquímica en un período de 10 días.Los resultados están pautados desde el propio título que revela su intencionalidad. Contrariamente a lo que pudiera pensarse, la evidencia que sustenta la opinión de que las EF son placebo es bien escasa y viceversa. En la última revisión crítica,1 solo pueden referenciarse 7 ensayos clínicos a doble ciegas placebo, realizados desde 1995 hasta la fecha citada, de los cuales 6 evalúan el efecto del rescue remedy (RR) en contextos específicos y la mitad lo utilizan para tratar la ansiedad ante situaciones de examen en estudiantes.En realidad, ese no es el objetivo del RR, ni tampoco lo es para los casos de estrés experimental o del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Para estos existen esencias más específicas que fueron desestimadas o fórmulas comercializadas como la fórmula de examen. ¿Por qué si se va a evaluar la ansiedad ante situaciones de examen se prefiere el RR antes que esta fórmula? Aun así, en el estudio de Halberstein y otros,2 se encontraron claras diferencias con el placebo y un tamaño de efecto de mediano a grande [F (1, 119)=4,98, p<,05 y η2parcial=0,12], en aquellos participantes que reportaron niveles elevados de ansiedad situacional (17 con RR y 22 con placebo). En este sentido, se confirmó la hipótesis de que este compuesto fue efectivo para aquellas personas para cuales el examen constituía una verdadera situación de emergencia...